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Saturday, November 12, 2022

ECI Voting Equipmen

ECI Voting Equipments

Electronic Voting Machine (also known as EVM) is voting using electronic means to either aid or take care of the chores of casting and counting votes.

Voting Equipments

An EVM is designed with two units: the control unit and the balloting unit. These units are joined together by a cable. The control unit of the EVM is kept with the presiding officer or the polling officer. The balloting unit is kept within the voting compartment for electors to cast their votes. This is done to ensure that the polling officer verifies your identity. With the EVM, instead of issuing a ballot paper, the polling officer will press the Ballot Button which enables the voter to cast their vote. A list of candidates names and/or symbols will be available on the machine with a blue button next to it. The voter can press the button next to the candidate’s name they wish to vote for.

Voting Equipments

Q1. What is an Electronic Voting machine? In what way its functioning is different from the conventional system of voting?

Ans. Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) is an electronic device for recording votes. An Electronic Voting Machine consists of two Units – a Control Unit and a Balloting Unit – joined by a five-meter cable. The Control Unit is placed with the Presiding Officer or a Polling Officer and the Balloting Unit is placed inside the voting compartment. Instead of issuing a ballot paper, the Polling Officer in-charge of the Control Unit will release a ballot by pressing the Ballot Button on the Control Unit. This will enable the voter to cast his vote by pressing the blue button on the Balloting Unit against the candidate and symbol of his choice.

Q2. When was the EVM first introduced in elections?

Ans. EVMs were first used in 70-Parur Assembly Constituency of Kerala in the year 1982.

Q3. How can EVMs be used in areas where there is no electricity?

Ans. EVMs do not require electricity. EVMs run on an ordinary battery assembled by Bharat Electronics Limited/Electronics Corporation of India Limited.

EVM- VVPAT video English 


Q4. What is the maximum number of votes which can be cast in EVMs?

Ans. An EVM being used by ECI can record a maximum of 2,000 votes.

Q5. What is the maximum number of candidates which EVMs can cater to?

Ans. In case of M2 EVMs (2006-10), EVMs can cater to a maximum of 64 candidates including NOTA. There is provision for 16 candidates in a Balloting Unit. If the total number of candidates exceeds 16, more balloting units can be attached (one per 16 candidates) up to a maximum of 64 candidates by connecting 4 Balloting Units. However, in case of M3 EVMs (Post 2013), EVMs can cater to a maximum of 384 candidates including NOTA by connecting 24 Balloting Units.

Know your EVM video English 


Q6. What will happen if the EVM in a particular polling station goes out of order?

Ans. If an EVM of a particular polling station goes out of order, the same is replaced with a new one. The votes recorded until the stage when the EVM went out of order remains safe in the memory of the Control Unit and it is perfectly fine to proceed with the polling after replacing the EVM with new EVM and there is no need to start the poll from the beginning. On counting day, votes recorded in both Control Units are counted to give the aggregate result of that polling station.

Q7. Who has designed the EVMs?

Ans. The EVMs have been devised and designed by the Technical Experts Committee (TEC) of the Election Commission in collaboration with two Public Sector undertakings viz., Bharat Electronics Ltd., Bangalore and Electronic Corporation of India Ltd., Hyderabad. The EVMs are manufactured by the above two undertakings.

EVM-VVPAT: A trustworthy machine (Hindi)


Q8. What is Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT)?

Ans. Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) is an independent system attached with the Electronic Voting Machines that allows the voters to verify that their votes are cast as intended. When a vote is cast, a slip is printed containing the serial number, name and symbol of the candidate and remains exposed through a transparent window for 7 seconds. Thereafter, this printed slip automatically gets cut and falls in the sealed drop box of the VVPAT.

Q9. Whether VVPAT runs on electricity?

Ans. No. VVPAT runs on a power pack Battery.

Training film on "EVM and VVPAT"


Q10. Where were VVPATs used for first time in India?

Ans. VVPATs with EVMs were used for first time in a bye-election from 51-Noksen (ST) Assembly Constituency of Nagaland.

Q11. Who conducts the First Level Checking of EVMs & VVPATs?

Ans. Only authorized engineers of the manufacturers, namely Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) and Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL), conduct the First Level Checking (FLC) of EVMs and VVPATs under control of District Election Officer and direct supervision of Dy. DEO in the presence of representative of Political Parties under videography.

Q12. What is the cost of the machines? Is it not too expensive to use EVMs?

Ans. The Cost of M2 EVMs (manufactured between 2006-10) was Rs.8670/- per EVM (Balloting Unit and Control Unit). The cost of M3 EVMs has been tentatively fixed at about Rs. 17,000 per unit. Even though the initial investment seems somewhat heavy, this is more than set off by the savings in the matter of printing of ballot papers in lakhs for every election, their transportation, storage etc., and the substantial reduction in the counting staff and the remuneration paid to them.

Also read...
how to download e-epic from


Q13. In our country a sizeable section of the population is illiterate. Will it not cause problems for the illiterate voters?

Ans. Voting by EVMs is much simpler compared to the conventional system, where one has to put the voting mark on or near the symbol of the candidate of his choice on the Ballot Paper, fold it first vertically and then horizontally and thereafter put it into the ballot box. In EVMs, the voter has to simply press the blue button on Ballot Unit against the candidate and symbol of his choice and the vote is recorded.

EVM: Bharat Ki Misaal (Language: English : 45 Sec.)

Q14. Is it possible to use EVMs for simultaneous elections for Parliament and State Legislative Assembly?

Ans. Yes. However, during simultaneous elections 2 separate sets of EVMs are required, one for the Parliamentary Constituency and the other for the Legislative Assembly Constituency.

Q15. What are the advantages in using EVMs?

Ans. Advantage of using EVMs:
It completely eliminates the possibility of casting 'Invalid Votes', which during the paper ballot regime was noticed in large numbers during each election. In fact, in many cases, the number of 'Invalid Votes' exceeded the winning margin, leading to numerous complaints and litigations. Thus EVMs have enabled a more authentic and accurate reflection of the choice of the electorate.

With the use of EVMs, printing of millions of ballot papers for every election can be dispensed with, as only one ballot paper is required for fixing on the Balloting Unit at each polling station instead of one ballot paper for each individual elector. This results in huge savings by way of cost of paper, printing, transportation, storage and distribution.

The counting process is very quick and the result can be declared within 3 to 5 hours as compared to 30-40 hours, on an average, under the conventional Ballot paper system.

Q16. With ballot boxes counting is done after mixing the ballot papers. Is it possible to adopt this system when EVMs are used?

Ans. Yes, through the use of a device called 'Totalizer' which can accommodate upto 14 Control Units at a time to aggregate votes without revealing the candidate-wise count of individual EVM used at a particular polling station. However, totalizers are not in use at present as its technical aspects and other related issues are under examination and it is also the subject of a court case.

Q17. How long does the Control Unit store the result in its memory?

Ans. The Control Unit can store the result in its memory until the data is deleted or cleared.

Q18. Wherever an election petition is filed, the result of the election is subject to the final outcome. The courts, in appropriate cases, may order a recount of votes. Whether EVMs can be stored for such a long time and whether the result can be taken in the presence of the officers authorised by Courts?

Ans.The lifespan of an EVM is 15 years & even more and votes recorded in the Control Unit can be stored upto its lifetime until it is cleared. If the Court orders a recount, the Control Unit can be reactivated by fixing the battery and it will display the result stored in its memory.

Q19. Is it possible to vote more than once by pressing the button again and again?

Ans. No. As soon as a particular button on the Balloting Unit is pressed, the vote is recorded for that particular candidate and the machine gets locked. Even if one presses that button further or any other button, no further vote will be recorded. This way the EVMs ensure the principle of "one man, one vote". The next vote is enabled only when the Presiding Officer/Polling Officer in-charge of the Control Unit releases the Ballot by pressing the Ballot Button. This is a distinct advantage over the ballot paper system.

Q20. How can a voter be sure that the EVM is working and his vote has been recorded?

Ans. As soon as the voter presses the `blue button' against the candidate and symbol of his choice, the lamp against symbol of that particular candidate glows red and a long beep sound is heard. Thus, there is both audio and visual indications for the voter to be assured that his vote has been recorded correctly. In addition, VVPAT provides an additional visual verification in the form of paper slip to the voter so he can ensure that his vote has been correctly recorded for the candidate of his choice.

Q21. Is it true that sometimes because of short-circuitry or other reason, a voter is likely to get an electric shock while pressing the `blue button?

Ans.No. EVMs work on a battery and there is absolutely no chance of any voter getting an electric shock at the time of pressing the `blue button' or at any time of handling the EVM.

Q22. Is it possible to program the EVMs in such a way that initially, say upto 100 votes, votes will be recorded exactly in the same way as the `blue buttons' are pressed, but thereafter, votes will be recorded only in favor of one particular candidate irrespective of whether the `blue button' against that candidate or any other candidate is pressed?

Ans. The microchip used in EVMs is a one-time programmable/ masked chip, which can neither be read nor overwritten. Hence, the program used in the EVMs cannot be reprogrammed in a particular manner. Furthermore, the EVMs are stand-alone machines which are not accessible remotely from any network are connected with any external devices and there is no operating system used in these machines. There is, therefore, absolutely no chance of programming the EVMs in a particular way to select any particular candidate or political party.

Q23. Will it not be difficult to transport the EVMs to the polling stations?

Ans. No. On the contrary, it is easier to transport the EVMs, as compared to ballot boxes as EVMs are lighter, portable and come with custom-made polypropylene carrying cases for ease of portage/transport.

Q24. In many areas of the country, there is no electricity connection and even in those places where there is electricity connection, power supply is erratic. In this scenario will it not create problem in storing the machines without air conditioning?

Ans. There is no need to air condition the room/hall where EVMs are stored. What is required is only to keep the room/hall free from dust dampness and rodents as in the case of ballot boxes.

Q25. In the conventional system, it will be possible to know the total number of votes polled at any particular point of time. In EVMs 'Result' portion is sealed and will be opened only at the time of counting. How can the total number of votes polled be known on the date of poll?

Ans. In addition to the 'Result' button, there is a 'Total' button on Control Unit of EVMs. By pressing this button the total number of votes polled upto the time of pressing the button will be displayed without indicating the candidate-wise result.

Q26. The Balloting Unit has provision for 16 candidates. In a constituency, there are only 10 candidates. The voter may press any of the buttons from 11 to 16. Will these votes not be wasted?

Ans. No. If there are only 10 candidates including NOTA in a constituency, the ‘Candidate’ buttons provided at Sl. No. 11 to 16 will be masked at the time of preparation of EVM by Returning Officer. Therefore, there is no question of any voter pressing any of the buttons for candidates 11 to 16.

Q27. Ballot boxes are engraved so as to avoid any scope for complaint of replacement of these boxes. Is there any system of numbering EVMs?

Ans. Yes. Each Balloting Unit and Control Unit has a unique ID Number, which is engraved on each unit. The list containing ID number of EVM (Balloting Unit & Control Unit) to be used in a particular polling station is prepared and provided to the contesting candidates/their agents.

Q28. In the conventional system, before the commencement of poll, the Presiding Officer shows to the polling agents present that the ballot box to be used in the polling station is empty. Is there any such provision to satisfy the polling agents that there are no hidden votes already recorded in the EVMs?

Ans. Yes. Before the commencement of poll, the Presiding Officer demonstrates to the polling agents present that there are no hidden votes already recorded in the machine by pressing the result button. Thereafter, he conducts a Mock poll with atleast 50 votes in the presence of the polling agents and tallied with the electronic result stored in the CU to fully satisfy the polling agents to satisfy them that the result shown is strictly according to the choice recorded by them. Thereafter, the Presiding Officer will press the clear button to clear the result of the mock poll before commencing the actual poll. He then again shows to polling agents, by pressing 'Total' button that it shows '0'. Then he seals the Control Unit before starting actual poll in the presence of polling agents. Now, with 100% VVPAT use at every polling booth, after the Mock Poll, the VVPAT paper slips are also counted.

Q29. How can one rule out the possibility of recording further votes at any time after close of the poll and before the commencement of counting by interested parties?

Ans. After completion of poll i.e. when the last voter has voted, the Officer in-charge of the Control Unit/Presiding Officer presses the 'Close' Button. Thereafter, the EVM does not accept any vote. After the close of poll, the Control Unit is switched off and thereafter the Balloting Unit is disconnected from the Control Unit and kept separately in the respective carrying cases and sealed. Further, the Presiding officer has to hand over to each polling agent a copy of the account of votes recorded. At the time of counting of votes, the total votes recorded in a particular control unit is tallied with this account and if there is any discrepancy, this can be pointed out by the Counting Agents.

Q30. Whether there is any provision to complaint if the paper slip generated by the printer has shown the name or symbol of a candidate other than the one he voted for?

Ans. Yes, if an elector after having recorded his vote alleges that the paper slip generated by the printer has shown the name or symbol of a candidate other than the one he voted for, as per the provisions of Rule 49MA of Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961, the presiding officer shall obtain a written declaration from the elector as to the allegation, after warning the elector about the consequence of making a false declaration.

If the elector gives the written declaration referred to in sub-rule (1) of Rule 49MA, the presiding officer shall permit the elector to record a test vote in the voting machine in his presence and in the presence of the candidates or polling agents who may be present in the polling station, and observe the paper slip generated by the printer.

If the allegation is found true, the presiding officer shall report the facts immediately to the returning officer, stop further recording of votes in that voting machine and act as per the direction that may be given by the Returning Officer.

If, however, the allegation is found to be false and the paper slip so generated under sub-rule (1) matches with the test vote recorded by the elector under sub-rule (2), then, the presiding officer shall-

make a remark to that effect against the second entry relating to that elector in Form 17A mentioning the serial number and name of the candidate for whom such test vote has been recorded;

obtain the signature or thumb impression of that elector against such remarks; and

make necessary entries regarding such test vote in item 5 in Part I of Form 17C.".

Q31. Who loads the Serial numbers, names of candidates and symbols allotted to contesting candidates in VVPAT unit?

Ans. Serial numbers, names of candidates and symbols allotted to them are loaded in VVPAT unit with the help of engineers of the manufacturer i.e. ECIL/BEL.

Q32. Whether test printout of the Serial numbers, names of candidates and symbols loaded in VVPAT is required?

Ans. Yes. A test printout of the Serial numbers, names of candidates and symbols loaded in VVPAT is required to check with the ballot paper placed on Ballot Unit. Thereafter, one vote to each candidate will be given to check that the VVPAT is printing the paper slips correctly in respect of all the candidates.

Q33. Whether additional Polling Official is required in each polling station to handle the VVPAT unit?

Ans. Yes. Additional polling official is required in each polling station where M2 VVPATs are deployed with the EVMs. The duty of this polling official will be to watch the VVPAT Status Display Unit (VSDU), kept on the presiding officer's table, continuously during the entire poll process.

However, in case of M3 VVPAT no additional polling official is required to handle the VVPAT.

Q34. Whether changing of paper roll is allowed at polling stations?

Ans. Changing of paper roll is strictly prohibited at polling stations.

Q35. Whether counting of printing paper slips of VVPAT is compulsory on the counting day?

Ans. Counting of printed paper slips of VVPAT is done only in the following cases:

Mandatory verification of printed VVPAT paper slips of 01 randomly selected polling station of (a) Assembly Constituency in case of election to State Legislative Assembly and (b) each Assembly Segment in case of election to the House of the People.

Click Here Official Website

In case of no display of result from the Control Unit, the printed paper slips of the respective VVPAT is counted.

If any candidate, or in his absence, his election agent or any of his counting agents make a written request to count the printed paper slips of the VVPAT in respect of any polling station or polling stations under Rule 56 D of the Conduct of Elections Rules 1961, the Returning Officer taking into consideration various factors decides and issue written orders, whether to count or not to count the printed paper slips of the VVPAT of that particular polling station(s).

Q36. After announcement of the result, whether the printed paper slips of VVPAT (counted or not), the printed paper slips are required to be taken out of the drop box of the VVPAT Printer unit?

Ans. No. The VVPATs are stored along with the EVMs in a secure strong room till the completion of the Election Petition period.

Click Here download "EVM EVM VVPAT" Voting Equipments machine  application


Q37. Where can I read further about EVMs and VVPATs?

Ans. For further reading you may refer to:

Manual of EVMs available at https://eci.gov.in/files/file/9230-manual-on-electronic-voting-machine-and-vvpat/

Status paper on EVM available at https://eci.gov.in/files/file/8756-status-paper-on-evm-edition-3/

Q38. Whether it is possible to know beforehand about the deployment of EVMs in a particular polling station?

Ans. No, it must be noted here that the arrangement of names of candidates in the ballot paper, and hence the Ballot Unit, is in alphabetical order, first for the National & State Recognised Political Parties, followed by other State Registered Parties, and then by Independents. Thus, the sequence in which the candidates appear on the Ballot Unit is contingent on the names of the candidates and their party affiliation and cannot be ascertained beforehand.

EVMs are allocated to polling station by two stages of randomization process through EVM Tracking Software developed by the Commission. After first level checking of EVMs, first randomization of EVMs is done at the District Election Officer level to allocate them Assembly Constituency-wise in the presence of the representative of political parties. Thereafter, before commissioning of EVMs, second randomisation of EVMs is done at the Returning Officer level to allocate them Polling Station-wise in the presence of candidates/their agents.

Q39. Is it true that many petition have been filed against EVMs in courts? What is the outcome?

Ans. Yes. Since 2001, the issue of possible tampering of EVM has been raised before various High Courts. Some of these are mentioned below:
  • Madras High Court-2001
  • Kerala High Court-2002
  • Delhi High Court-2004
  • Karnataka High Court- 2004
  • Bombay High Court (Nagpur Bench)-2004
  • Uttarakhand High Court - 2017
  • Supreme Court of India - 2017

Click Here Official Website

After detailed analysis of the various aspects of the technological security and administrative safeguards around the use of EVMs, the credibility, reliability and robustness of the EVMs has been validated by the various High Courts in all the cases. In some of these cases, the Hon'ble Supreme Court has also dismissed appeals filed by some petitioners against High Court orders, which were in favour of the EVMs.

For details, refer Status paper on EVM available at https://eci.gov.in/files/

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How To Download e-EPIC From voterportal.eci.gov.in

How To Download e-EPIC From voterportal.eci.gov.in

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WHO ARE ELIGIBLE FOR E-EPIC?

All general Voters who have valid EPIC

25th to 31st Jan 2021: All new electors registered

during special summary revision 2020

1st Feb 2021 onwards: All General electors registered.

મતદાર યાદીમાં તમારું નામ છે કે નહીં ચેક કરવા માટે  ક્લિક કરો

during special summary revision 2020

1st Feb 2021 onwards: All General electors

Who are eligible for e-EPIC?

25th to 31st Jan 2021: Only new electors registered during Special Summary Revision 2021 and having a unique mobile number in Eroll.

તમારા ગામની નવી મતદાર યાદી અહીંયાથી જુઓ

1st Feb 2021 onwards: All General electors

How to download e-EPIC?

Voter ID card digital version can be downloaded on a mobile phone or personal computer. e-EPIC can be downloaded through the Voter Portal and NVP Portal. However, the voter-ID card would also be downloaded through the Voter Helpline Mobile app (Android/iOS).



Voter Helpline Mobile app (Android / iOS)

More Details: Click Here

Steps to download Voter ID

Register/Login on Voter portal

Steps for e-KYC

Register/Login on Voter portal

How To Download e-EPIC ? 
Citizen can Download e-EPIC  From
Vote Helpline Mobile app

DOWNLOAD DETAIL PDF FROM HERE

https://voterportal.eci.gov.in/

https://www.nvsp.in/

ચૂંટણી કાર્ડ ખોવાઈ ગયું હોય તો આ રીતે મેળવો તુરંત

e-EPIC FAQs

Q. How can I download e-EPIC?

A. You can download e-EPIC from Voter Portal or Voter Helpline mobile App.


Q. Who is eligible for e-EPIC?

A. All new electors registered during special summary revision 2021 and All General electors who have valid EPIC Number.

Q. I lost my EPIC, how can I download e-EPIC?

A. You can search your name in Electoral Roll, note your EPIC number and then download e-EPIC.

Q. What is the file format of e-EPIC?

A. You can download e-EPIC in portable document format (PDF).

Q. What is the file size of e-EPIC?

A. 250 KB

It will be a non-editable secure portable document format (PDF) version of the EPIC (approx. 250 KB) which can be downloaded on mobile or in a self-printable form on the computer. A voter can thus store the card on his mobile, upload it on Digi locker or print it and

self-laminate it. This is in addition to PVC EPIC being issued for fresh registration.

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from pole to pole. Latitude and longitude lines are numbered. The intersection of latitude and longitude lines, called coordinates, identify the exact location of a place.

On maps showing greater detail, the grid is often given numbers and letters. The boxes made by the grid may be called A, B, C, and so on across the top of the map, and 1, 2, 3, and so on across the left side. In the map’s index, a park’s location might be given as B4. The user finds the park by looking in the box where column B and row 4 cross.

A map is a symbolic representation of selected characteristics of a place, usually drawn on a flat surface. Maps present information about the world in a simple, visual way. They teach about the world by showing sizes and shapes of countries, locations of features, and distances between places. Maps can show distributions of things over Earth, such as settlement patterns. They can show exact locations of houses and streets in a city neighborhood.

Mapmakers, called cartographers, create maps for many different purposes. Vacationers use road maps to plot routes for their trips. Meteorologists—scientists who study weather—use weather maps to prepare forecasts. City planners decide where to put hospitals and parks with the help of maps that show land features and how the land is currently being used.

Some common features of maps include scale, symbols, and grids.

Scale

All maps are scale models of reality. A map’s scale indicates the relationship between the distances on the map and the actual distances on Earth. This relationship can be expressed by a graphic scale, a verbal scale, or a representative fraction.

The most common type of graphic scale looks like a ruler. Also called a bar scale, it is simply a horizontal line marked off in miles, kilometers, or some other unit measuring distance.
The verbal scale is a sentence that relates distance on the map to distance on Earth. For example, a verbal scale might say, “one centimeter represents one kilometer” or “one inch represents eight miles.”

The representative fraction does not have specific units. It is shown as a fraction or ratio—for example, 1/1,000,000 or 1:1,000,000. This means that any given unit of measure on the map is equal to one million of that unit on Earth. So, 1 centimeter on the map represents 1,000,000 centimeters on Earth, or 10 kilometers. One inch on the map represents 1,000,000 inches on Earth, or a little less than 16 miles.

The size of the area covered helps determine the scale of a map. A map that shows an area in great detail, such as a street map of a neighborhood, is called a large-scale map because objects on the map are relatively large. A map of a larger area, such as a continent or the world, is called a small-scale map because objects on the map are relatively small.
Today, maps are often computerized. Many computerized maps allow the viewer to zoom in and out, changing the scale of the map. A person may begin by looking at the map of an entire city that only shows major roads and then zoom in so that every street in a neighborhood is visible.

Symbols

Cartographers use symbols to represent geographic features. For example, black dots represent cities, circled stars represent capital cities, and different sorts of lines represent boundaries, roads, highways, and rivers. Colors are often used as symbols. Green is often used for forests, tan for deserts, and blue for water. A map usually has a legend, or key, that gives the scale of the map and explains what the various symbols represent.

Some maps show relief, or changes in elevation. A common way to show relief is contour lines, also called topographic lines. These are lines that connect points that have equal elevation. If a map shows a large enough area, contour lines form circles.

A group of contour line circles inside one another indicates a change in elevation. As elevation increases, these contour line circles indicate a hill. As elevation decreases, contour line circles indicate a depression in the earth, such as a basin.

Grids

Many maps include a grid pattern, or a series of crossing lines that create squares or rectangles. The grid helps people locate places on the map. On small-scale maps, the grid is often made up of latitude and longitude lines. Latitude lines run east-west around the globe, parallel to the Equator, an imaginary line that circles the middle of Earth. Longitude lines run north-south, from pole to pole. Latitude and longitude lines are numbered. The intersection of latitude and longitude lines, called coordinates, identify the exact location of a place.

On maps showing greater detail, the grid is often given numbers and letters. The boxes made by the grid may be called A, B, C, and so on across the top of the map, and 1, 2, 3, and so on across the left side. In the map’s index, a park’s location might be given as B4. The user finds the park by looking in the box where column B and row 4 cross.

Other Map Features: DOGSTAILS

Along with scale, symbols, and grids, other features appear regularly on maps. A good way to remember these features is DOGSTAILS: date, orientation, grid, scale, title, author, index, legend, and sources.

Title, date, author, and sources usually appear on the map though not always together. The map’s title tells what the map is about, revealing the map’s purpose and content. For example, a map might be titled “Political Map of the World” or “Battle of Gettysburg, 1863.”

“Date” refers to either the time the map was made or the date relevant to the information on the map. A map of areas threatened by a wildfire, for instance, would have a date, and perhaps even a time, to track the progress of the wildfire. A historical map of the ancient Sumerian Empire would have a date range of between 5,000 B.C. and 1,000 B.C.

Noting a map’s author is important because the cartographer’s perspective will be reflected in the content. Assessing accuracy and objectivity also requires checking sources. A map’s sources are where the author of the map got his or her information. A map of a school district may list the U.S. Census Bureau, global positioning system (GPS) technology, and the school district’s own records as its sources.

Orientation refers to the presence of a compass rose or simply an arrow indicating directions on the map. If only an arrow is used, the arrow usually points north.

A map’s index helps viewers find a specific spot on the map using the grid. A map’s legend explains what the symbols on a map mean.

Map Projections

Transferring information from the spherical, or ball-shaped, surface of Earth onto a flat piece of paper is called projection. A globe, a spherical model of Earth, accurately represents the shapes and locations of the continents. But if a globe were cut in half and each half were flattened out into a map, the result would be wrinkled and torn. The size, shape, and relative location of land masses would change.

Projection is a major challenge for cartographers. Every map has some sort of distortion. The larger the area covered by a map, the greater the distortion. Features such as size, shape, distance, or scale can be measured accurately on Earth, but once projected on a flat surface only some, not all, of these qualities can be accurately represented. For example, a map can retain either the correct sizes of landmasses or the correct shapes of very small areas, but not both.
Depending on the map’s purpose, cartographers must decide what elements of accuracy are most important to preserve. This determines which projection to use. For example, conformal maps show true shapes of small areas but distort size. Equal area maps distort shape and direction but show true relative sizes of all areas. There are three basic kinds of projections: planar, conical, and cylindrical. Each is useful in different situations.

In a planar projection, Earth’s surface is projected onto a plane, or flat surface. Imagine touching a globe with a piece of cardboard, mapping that point of contact, then projecting the rest of map onto the cardboard around that point. Planar projections are most accurate at their centers, where the plane “touches” the globe. They are often used for maps of one of the poles.

Imagine you wrapped a cone around Earth, putting the point of the cone over one of the poles. That is a conical projection. The cone intersects the globe along one or two lines of latitude. When the cone is unwrapped and made into a flat map, latitude lines appear curved in circles or semicircles. Lines of longitude are straight and come together at one pole. In conical projection, areas in the mid-latitudes—regions that are neither close to the Equator nor close to the poles—are represented fairly accurately. For this reason, conical projections are often used for maps of the United States, most of which lies in the mid-latitudes.

For a cylindrical projection, imagine that Earth’s surface is projected onto a tube that is wrapped around the globe. The cylinder touches Earth along one line, most often the Equator. When the cylinder is cut open and flattened into a map, the regions near the Equator are the most accurate. Regions near the poles are the most distorted.

Surveying and Remote Sensing

Cartographers rely on survey data for accurate information about the planet. Surveying is the science of determining the exact size, shape, and location of a piece of land. Surveyors gather information from regions both above sea level and beneath bodies of water.

Surveying can be done on foot. Surveyors use many instruments to measure the features, or topography, of the land. A compass, measuring device, and theodolites are often used by surveyors doing field work. A theodolite is an instrument that measures angles. A surveyor may calculate the angle of hills, valleys, and other features by using a theodolite, which is usually mounted on a tripod, or three-legged platform.

Today, many surveyors use remote sensing to collect data about an area without actually physically touching it. Sensors that detect light or radiation emitted by objects are mounted to airplanes or space satellites, collecting information about places on Earth from above. One method of remote sensing is aerial photography, taking photographs of Earth from the air. Aerial photography has eliminated much of the legwork for surveyors and has allowed precise surveying of some places that are impossible to reach on foot. Satellites, spacecraft that orbit Earth, perform remote sensing. For example, Landsat, a satellite that circles Earth 14 times a day, transmits huge volumes of data to computers on Earth. The data can be used to quickly make or correct maps.

How Maps Are Made

Before making a map, cartographers decide what area they want to display and what type of information they want to present. They consider the needs of their audience and the purpose of the map. These decisions determine what kind of projection and scale they need, and what sorts of details will be included.

The language of the map is one thing a cartographer must consider. A blind reader needs a map that has information in braille, for instance. The audience for a map can determine how widely a map is used. A map might use red and green symbols to show the location of maple and pine trees. This information might be easily displayed in a simple legend. However, such a map could not be used by people who are color-blind.

Lines of latitude and longitude are mathematically plotted on a flat surface. Features are drawn in their appropriate location.

Before the development of advanced computer and printing techniques, maps were drawn by hand. Cartographers would draw, or scribe, the map on a sheet of coated plastic with a special etching tool, scraping away the colored coating to leave clear, sharp lines. Several different sheets of plastic were layered on top of each other to add shading and place names. The plastic sheets were used to make a metal printing plate, or proof, for publishing the map.

Today, most mapping is done with the help of computers. The coordinates of every point are entered into a computer. By feeding new data into the computer or deleting old data, map changes can be made quickly and easily. Colors can be changed, new roads added, and topographic features, such as the flow of a river, altered. The new map can then be printed out easily.

Types of Maps

Cartographers make many different types of maps, which can be divided into two broad categories: general reference maps and thematic maps.

General reference maps show general geographic information about an area, including the locations of cities, boundaries, roads, mountains, rivers, and coastlines. Government agencies such as the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) make some general reference maps. Many are topographic maps, meaning that they show changes in elevation. They show all the hills and valleys in an area. This is useful to everyone from hikers trying to choose a route to engineers trying to determine where to build highways and dams.

Thematic maps display distributions, or patterns, over Earth’s surface. They emphasize one theme, or topic. These themes can include information about people, other organisms, or the land. Examples include crop production, people’s average income, where different languages are spoken, or average annual rainfall.

Many thematic maps are now made with the help of geographic information system (GIS) technology. GIS are computer systems that capture, store, and display data related to positions on Earth’s surface. This technology combines information from maps with other data about people, the land, climate, farms, houses, businesses, and much more, allowing multiple sets of data to be displayed on a single map. Many industries and governments use GIS technology for analysis and decision making. For example, GIS data helps officials determine which streams are most in danger of being polluted. It can also help a business decide where to locate a new store.

History of Mapmaking

Through the ages, maps have taken many different forms. The earliest maps were probably sketches made on the ground that showed the surrounding area. People native to the Marshall Islands used palm fibers to show wave patterns between islands in the Pacific Ocean. They used seashells to represent islands. Inuit fishermen in the Arctic carved pieces of driftwood to show coastal features. One of the world’s oldest existing maps was found on a stone tablet in Spain. It dates back nearly 14,000 years.

The ancient Greeks are usually considered the founders of scientific cartography. Greek scholars knew the general size and shape of Earth, and they developed the grid system of latitude and longitude. Eratosthenes, who lived from about 276 to 194 B.C., calculated the size of Earth using mathematics and observations of the sun. Claudius Ptolemaeus, or Ptolemy, was an astronomer, mathematician, and geographer in the second century A.D. He brought mapmaking to a level of precision that would not be seen again until the fifteenth century. He combined all his knowledge about the world into a book called Geography.

In Europe during the Middle Ages, cartographers drew maps reflecting their religious beliefs. These maps were generally simple and sometimes fanciful. The city of Jerusalem, holy to Jews, Christians, and Muslims, was sometimes placed in the center.

Many medieval European maps with Jerusalem at the center are called T&O maps. The mass of land was represented as a round wheel encircled with a single round ocean, the “O” of the T&O. The land encircled by the ocean was divided by a “T” into the three continents known by medieval European cartographers: Asia was the large land mass above the T, Africa and Europe were the two smaller sections on either side of the T, and Jerusalem was at the center. The T-shape splitting the continents was composed of the Mediterranean Sea (between Europe and Africa), the Nile River (between Africa and Asia) and the Don River (between Europe and Asia). The Nile and the Don meet in a single line to form the top of the During these Dark Ages in Europe, Arab scholars kept scientific cartography alive. They preserved the works of Ptolemy and translated them to Arabic. Arab cartographers produced the first reliable globe of the Western world.

During the Islamic Golden Age, Arab cartographers used complicated mathematical and astronomical formulas to help them determine different map projections. In 1154, the scientist and cartographer al-Idrisi made a map of the world that was better than the world maps Europeans were producing. Al-Idrisi’s map included a representation of the entire continent of Eurasia, including Scandinavia, the Arabian Peninsula, the island of Sri Lanka, and the Black and Caspian Seas.

In the fifteenth century, cartography in Europe improved. The development of printing and engraving meant maps that had previously been painted by hand could be copied more quickly. Around the same time, sailors began traveling farther on the oceans. They added newly discovered lands and more detailed coastlines to their maps. Explorers brought back descriptions of the interiors, as well as the coastlines, of continents.

Europeans explored much of the Americas during the sixteenth century, Australia in the seventeenth century, and Antarctica was finally sighted in the early nineteenth century. At this point, fairly accurate maps of the entire world were beginning to be assembled.

In the nineteenth century, cartography became more advanced with the development of a printing process called lithography. Lithography allowed cartographers to make many accurate copies of maps with less labor and expense.

Photography, color printing, and computers all improved mapmaking even more. In just a few decades, the relationship between people and maps changed drastically. For example, instead of using paper street maps, many people navigate using GPS units that communicate with satellites to determine their exact location on Earth. Digital versions of maps can represent Earth in three dimensions, defying the limitations of the flat maps of the past. Almost the entire surface of Earth has been mapped with remarkable accuracy, and this information is available instantly to anyone with an internet connection.

Click Here Download Google earth application

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Friday, November 11, 2022

Cropwise grower farming guidelines

Cropwise Grower is a Free to download Application, from Syngenta, created to help farmers improve the quality of farming and productivity. 

Cropwise is a true Digital companion, assisting farmers with the right products, advisory and services needed at the right time. The application enables farmers to view and download crop specific products, advisory and recommendations, which makes the experience seamless even with low internet connectivity. The application also gives a Crop calendar for the farmers to keep track of their crop protection activities. 

Cropwise grower
Most importantly, the application enables access to a whole world of services like Loan, Product information, Mandi rates, Weather, etc. that would take care of farmers needs at their convenience. 

Growers can access features such

  • Digital and personalized advisory 
  • Seed recommender
  • Crop protection recommender
  • Farm Loan service
  • Boom and drone spray service
  • Product Information Scan 
  • Weather Information 
  • Mandi rates
  • Farm Area Calculator 

The application currently supports 9 crops in 9 languages. Stay tuned for updates on new Crops, Languages, Services, Offers and Rewards.

Click Here Download application

 

નવસારી જિલ્લાનું ધોરણ 1 થી 5 અગ્રતા અને એકતરફી સિનિયોરિટી લિસ્ટ,ધોરણ 6 થી 8 અગ્રતા વિષયવાઇઝ અને એકતરફી લિસ્ટ 2022 
અમદાવાદ જીલ્લાફેર બદલી સિનિયોરિટી લિસ્ટ 2022
મોરબી જિલ્લાફેર બદલી સિનિયોરિટી લિસ્ટ
ધોરણ 1થી 5અને ધોરણ 6 થી 8 ભાષા, સામાજિક વિજ્ઞાન, ગણિત વિજ્ઞાન સિનિયોરિટી યાદી 2022
અમદાવાદ સિનિયોરિટી લિસ્ટ 2022
પંચમહાલ ગોધરા સામાજિક વિજ્ઞાન,ગણિત વિજ્ઞાન અને ભાષા સિનિયોરિટી લિસ્ટ 2022

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Life Insurance

निक जीवन में बीमा शब्द तो सुना ही होगा। और हो सकता है कि आपने कई बार बीमा कराया भी हो। आज हम इस पोस्ट में बीमा से संबंधित तमाम जानकारियों के बारे में पढ़ने वाले हैं।


यह पोस्ट आपकी बीमा संबंधित सारी जिज्ञासाओं को खत्म कर देगा। इस पोस्ट में हमने सभी प्रकार के बीमा पॉलिसियों के बारे में बताया है। इस पोस्ट में आपको बताया जाएगा कि बीमा कैसे कराएं और बीमा कराने के क्या-क्या फायदे हैं।
Life insurance

आपने अक्सर लोगों को बात करते हुए सुना होगा कि बीमा क्या है (Insurance Kya Hai)? बीमा से आप क्या समझते हैं? Insurance (बीमा) कितने प्रकार के हैं? बीमा कितने प्रकार के होते हैं। यदि आप भी इन्हीं सवालों का जवाब ढूढना चाहते हैं. तो इस पोस्ट को अंत तक पढ़िए।

इस पोस्ट के माध्यम से आपको जीवन बीमा क्या है (Life Insurance Kya Hai) के अंतर्गत खरीदे जाने वाले मुख्य बीमा के बारे में बताया जाएगा। साथ ही साथ वाहन बीमा (Motor Insurance) के बारे में भी बताया जाएगा।
  • स्वास्थ्य बीमा (Health Insurance)
  • वाहन बीमा (Motor Insurance)
  • यात्रा बीमा (Travel Insurance).
  • फसल बीमा (Crop Insurance)
  • घर का बीमा. (Home Insurance).
  • प्रॉपर्टी इंश्योरेंस (Property Insurance).
  • मोबाइल इन्शुरन्स (Mobile Insurance).
साथ ही साथ हम किसानों के लिए मिलने वाले फसल बीमा (Crop insurance) बारे में भी विस्तार से जानेंगे और चर्चा करेंगे कि फसल बीमा (Crop Insurance) फसल बीमा क्या है (Insurance Kya Hai)? (PMFBY) पीएमएफबीवाई क्या है? Crop insurance (फसल) बीमा कितने प्रकार के होते हैं (Insurance Kitne Prakar Ke Hote Hain)? फसल बीमा योजना से क्या आशय है? प्रधानमंत्री फसल बीमा कैसे करते हैं? फसल बीमा में कितना पैसा मिलता है?

प्रधानमंत्री फसल बीमा योजना से क्या परिवर्तन आया? मौसम आधारित फसल बीमा क्या है (Insurance Kya Hai)? पीएमएफबीवाई के तहत कितनी फसलें आती हैं?

तो दोस्तों जानते है बीमा संबंधित आपके सवालों के बारे में।

1.बीमा क्या है (Insurance Kya Hai)? (Insurance Kya Hai) बीमा से आप क्या समझते हैं?

अक्सर यह सवाल किया जाता है कि बीमा क्या है (Insurance Kya Hai)? और बीमा से आप क्या समझते हैं। तो दोस्तों आइए इसे आसान भाषा में समझने की कोशिश करते हैं।

Life insurance corporation of India (LIC)

बीमा एक ऐसी सुविधा है, जिसके तहत आप भविष्य में होने वाली दुर्घटनाओं के लिए पहले से आर्थिक रूप से तैयार होते हैं। बीमा के द्वारा हम भविष्य में किसी भी होने वाली घटना से होने वाले नुकसान की आर्थिक लागत की भरपाई ले सकते हैं। बीमा आपके वाहन से लेकर आप स्वयं पर भी ले सकते हैं।

यदि आपके साथ कोई अप्रिय घटना हो जाती है। या किसी दुर्घटना में आपकी कार क्षतिग्रष्त हो जाती है। तो आपकी कार के नुकसान की भरपाई वो कंपनी करेगी। जिससे आपने बीमा खरीदा है।

दोस्तों बीमा देने वाली कंपनी आपसे बीमा देने के कुछ पैसे लेती है। जिसे प्रीमियम कहा जाता है। उसके बाद ग्राहक और कंपनी के बीच एग्रीमेंट साइन होता है, जिसके तहत यदि भविष्य में कुछ घटनाएं सामने आती हैं। तो आप कंपनी से अपने नुकसान की भरपाई करा सकते हैं।

Bajaj allianz life insurance
 

दोस्तों उम्मीद है कि आप समझ गए होंगे कि बीमा क्या है (Insurance Kya Hai)? (Insurance Kya Hai) और बीमा से आप क्या समझते हैं? बीमा के कई प्रकार हो सकते हैं। आइए अब जानते है बीमा कितने प्रकार के हैं? (बीमा कितने प्रकार के होते हैं (Insurance Kya Hai aur Insurance Kitne Prakar Ke Hote Hain?)

2. बीमा कितने प्रकार के हैं? बीमा कितने प्रकार के होते हैं (Insurance Kitne Prakar Ke Hote Hain)?

अब हम बात करेंगे की बीमा कितने प्रकार के हैं? बीमा कितने प्रकार के होते हैं (Insurance Kitne Prakar Ke Hote Hain)? दोस्तों बीमा कंपनियों के द्वारा विभिन्न प्रकार के बीमा दिए जाते हैं। आप अपनी जरूरत के अनुसार किसी भी प्रकार का बीमा करा सकते हैं। आमतौर पर बीमा दो प्रकार का होता है।
  • जीवन बीमा क्या है (Life Insurance Kya Hai)
  • साधारण बीमा क्या है (General Insurance Kya Hai)

जीवन बीमा क्या है (Lifeinsurance Kya Hai)

भारत में घर परिवार का मुख्य अक्सर मर्द ही होता है। भारत में सड़को पर बहुत अधिक ट्रैफिक होने की वजह. से काफ़ी बड़े पैमाने पर सड़क दुर्घटनाओं में लोग जान गंवाते हैं। परिवार के मुख्या की मृत्यु के बाद घर चलाना बहुत मुश्किल हो जाता है। ऐसे में बीमा कंपनी मृत्यु के बाद बीमा एग्रिमेंट के तहत मृतक के परिवार को आर्थिक सहायता देती है। ताकि वो लोग अपना जीवन बसर कर सके। अर्थात किसी भी व्यक्ति की मृत्यु के बाद बीमा कंपनी मृतक के परिवार को पैसे देती हैं। इसे ही जीवन बीमा कहा जाता है। आशा है कि आप जीवन बीमा क्या है (Life Insurance Kya Hai) के बारे में जान गए होंगे।

साधारण बीमा (General insurance Kya Hai)

साधारण बीमा (General Insurance) आपकी दैनिक जीवन बीमा क्या है (Life Insurance Kya Hai) से संबंधित चीज़ों को दिया जाता है। यह बीमा भौतिक रूप से इस्तेमाल होने वाली चीजों पर दिया जाता है। इसके कई प्रकार होते हैं। जैसे की आप घर पर बीमा ले रहे हैं। ( Home insurance ) कार पर लोन ले रहे हैं। (Car insurance) वाहन बीमा, (Motor Insurance), स्वास्थ्य बीमा (Health Insurance) यात्रा बीमा. (Travel Insurance). किसानों के लिए फसल बीमा (Crop Insurance) कारोबार उत्तरदायित्व बीमा (Business Liability Insurance) इत्यादि।

स्वास्थ्य बीमा (Health Insurance Kya Hai) क्या है

Health Insurance Kya Hai (स्वास्थ्य बीमा क्या है)? स्वास्थ्य बीमा कितने प्रकार के होते हैं (Insurance Kitne Prakar Ke Hote Hain)? आपको पता ही होगा की बड़े बड़े अस्पतालों में छोटी छोटी बीमारियों का भी कितना बिल आता है। यदि आपको अचानक कोई बीमारी हो जाती है, तो आप महंगे मेडिकल बिल बिलों से बचा सकता है।

TAT AIA Life insurance

स्वास्थ्य बीमा के तहत आपको होने वाली बीमारियों का बिल उस कंपनी से भरवा सकते हैं। जिससे आपने बीमा खरीदा है। यदि आपको अचानक बीमारी हो जाती है। और घर पर पैसे नही है तो आप इस स्तिथि में बीमा लोन की मदद ले सकते हैं।

स्वास्थ्य बीमा खरीदने के कई प्रकार के फायदे होते हैं अक्सर स्वास्थ्य बीमा उन लोगों को जरूर खरीदना चाहिए जो बाहर काम करते हैं या जिनका परिवार उन्हीं पर आश्रित होता है यदि किसी कारणवश को किसी बीमारी या दुर्घटना का शिकार हो जाते हैं तो ऐसे में घर को चलाने वाला कोई नहीं रहता और घर में पैसे संबंधी काफी दिक्कत हो जाती है इन्हीं दिक्कतों से बचने के लिए स्वास्थ्य बीमा लाभदायक है।

HDFC ERGO Life insurance

कई बार ऐसा होता है की पैसे की तंगी की वजह से हमें बेहतर इलाज नहीं मिल पाता यदि हमारे पास पहले से ही स्वास्थ्य बीमा होगा तो हम को बेहतर इलाज भी मिल जाएगा क्योंकि इलाज का पैसा बीमा कंपनी देगी इस तरह से आप बेहतर मेडिकल सुविधाएं ले सकते है

वाहन बीमा (Motor Insurance Kya Hai) क्या है

Motor Insurance Kya Hai (वाहन बीमा क्या है)? वाहन बीमा कितने प्रकार के होते हैं (Insurance Kitne Prakar Ke Hote Hain)? वाहन बीमा के अंर्तगत वाहनों का बीमा किया जाता है। जिसमे बीमा कंपनी के द्वारा मानव निर्मित और प्राकृतिक घटनाओं से होने वाले नुकसान की भरपाई कि जाती है। वाहन बीमा के कई प्रकार हो सकते हैं।

SBI General insurance (car, health, home etc...)

यदि आपकी कार या वाहन से किसी अन्य की कार या वाहन में नुकसान होता है। तो आपको कानूनन उस नुकसान की कीमत चुकानी पड़ती है। यदि आपने पहले से ही किसी कंपनी से बीमा खरीद रखा है। तो आपके नुकसान की भरपाई बीमा कंपनी करेगी। और आपको इसके नुकसान की भरपाई नहीं देनी पड़ेगी।

वाहन बीमा अत्यंत जरूरी हो गया है। भारत की अधिकतर सड़कें संकरी हैं। कई बार आप खूब अच्छी तरह से ड्राइव कर रहे होते हैं। मगर सामने वाला आपकी कार को एक्सीडेंट कर देता है। इसलिए ही इन जोखिमों से बचने के लिए वाहन बीमा जरूरी हो गया है।

यात्रा बीमा (Travel Insurance Kya Hai) क्या है

Travel Insurance Kya Hai (यात्रा बीमा क्या होता है)? यात्रा बीमा (Travel Insurance Kitne Prakar Ke Hote Hain) कितने प्रकार के होते हैं? इस स्वाला का जवाब भी इसके नाम में छिपा हुआ है। यात्रा बीमा (Travel Insurance) के अंतर्गत आपको बीमा कंपनी के द्वारा उन लोगों के लिए आर्थिक सहायता दी जाती है। जो यात्रा बीमा (Travel Insurance) कंपनी से खरीदते हैं।

यात्रा बीमा (Travel Insurance) आपकी यात्रा के द्वारा आने वाले मानवीय या प्राकृतिक नुकसान की भरपाई करता है। यात्रा बीमा (Travel Insurance) के अंतर्गत आपको घरेलू या विदेशी दोनो प्रकार की यात्राओं के लिए उपलब्ध कराया जाता है। यदि किसी प्रकार का ग्राहक को यात्रा के दौरान होता है, तो कंपनी उसकी भरपाई करती है।

ICICI LOMBARD GENERAL INSURANCE

यदि आपकी यात्रा के दौरान फ्लाइट या ट्रेन मिस हो जाती है। तो इसका मुआवजा राशि भी कंपनी के द्वारा दी जाती है। सबसे अच्छी बात ये है कि यात्रा बीमा (Travel Insurance) को कहीं से ओर कहीं से भी खरीदा जा सकता है। यह सुविधा पूरी तरह ऑनलाइन उपलब्ध है।

See also Star Health Insurance | Hospital List, Renewal, Claim Status, etc.

Liberty general insurance

भागदौड़ भरी जिंदगी में यात्रा बीमा (Travel Insurance) आज के युग की अहम जरूरत बन गई है।

फसल बीमा (Crop Insurance Kya Hai) क्या है

Crop insurance Kya Hai (फसल बीमा क्या है)? फसल बीमा कितने प्रकार के होते हैं (Insurance Kitne Prakar Ke Hote Hain)? भारत एक कृषि प्रधान देश है। भारत में नहरों का जाल अच्छी तरह से नहीं बिछाया गया है। जिसकी वजह से कई बार किसानों की फसल बिना पानी के सूख जाती हैं। भारत की कृषि मुख्यत यहां के मोसम और जलवायु पर निर्भर करती है। कई बार मानसून समय पर नहीं आता है तो कई बार अधिक बारिश के कारण बाढ आ जाती है। कई बार तो सूखा पड़ जाता है।

ABP Asmita live gujrati  news channel 

अर्थात मौसम पूर्वानुमान लगाया नही जा सकता है। जिसके कारण फसल के खराब होने का डर हमेशा किसानों को सताता ही रहता है।

किसानों के हितों के लिए ही फसल बीमा (Crop Insurance kya hai) की शुरुआत की गई थी। फसल बीमा के अंतर्गत किसान की किसी भी कारणवश फसल खराब हो जाने की नुकसान की भरपाई कंपनी के द्वारा दी जाती है।

TV9 GUJARATI LIVE NEWS CHANNEL
 

फसल बीमा (Crop Insurance) के तहत यदि किसी किसान की फसल किसी प्राकृतिक आपदा में खराब हो जाती हैं। जैसे की तूफान, सूखा, बाढ़ या पशुओं के खा जाने से, तो कंपनी इसका नुकसान भरपाई करती है। कई बार ऐसा होता है की फसल का टाइम जब आता है। तो मार्केट में फसल के दाम बहुत गिर जाते हैं। जिसकी वजह से किसानों का भारी नुकसान होता है। इस स्तिथि में भी फसल बीमा (Crop Insurance) की सुविधा ली जा सकती है।

घर का बीमा (Home Insurance Kya Hai) क्या है

Home Insurance Kya Hai (घर का बीमा क्या है)? घर का बीमा (Home Insurance Kitne Prakar Ke Hote Hain) कितने प्रकार के होते हैं? कहते हैं कि अपना घर तो अपना होता है। इंसान की सबसे प्यारी चीज़ उसका घर ही होता है। कई बार लोग घर लोन लेकर बनाते हैं। कई बार

Sandes live news channel 

दोस्तों और रिश्तेदारों से पैसे की मदद लेकर बनाते हैं। एक घर का निर्माण करना काफी महंगा होता है। इसलिए घर के लिए भी बीमा कराना चाहिए।

AAJ TAK live news channel
 

अब आप सोच रहे होंगे कि घर के लिए बीमा की क्यों आवश्यकता होगी? जैसा कि आपने दिल्ली दंगो के बारे में तो सुना ही होगा। जिसके दंगाई भीड़ ने हजारों घरों को जलाकर राख कर दिया। आप आसाम और हिमाचल की बाढ़ की खबर सुनते ही होंगे। गृह बीमा के तहत आप दंगे या बाढ़ की स्तिथि में बीमा कंपनी से मुआवजा ले सकते हैं। यह सुविधा भूकंप के दौरान क्षतिग्रस्त हुए घर के लिए भी उपलब्ध है।

घर का बीमा ( Home insurance) के तहत आप तीन प्रकार के बीमा के लिए अप्लाई करसकते हैं। पहला सिर्फ घर के ढांचे के लिए, दूसरा घर के ढांचे के साथ-साथ उसके अंदर के सामान के लिए और तीसरा सिर्फ सामान ही सामान के लिए।

उपरिलिखित तीनों बीमा पॉलिसी से कोई भी आप अपनी सुविधा के अनुसार बीमा खरीद सकते हैं। और भविष्य में होने वाले नुकसान से निश्चिंत हो सकते हैं।

प्रॉपर्टी इंश्योरेंस (Property Insurance Kya Hai) क्या है

संपत्ति बीमा संपत्ति के ज्यादातर जोखिमों से सुरक्षा प्रदान करता है। यह नुकसान किसी भी प्रकार से हो सकते हैं। जैसे आग, चोरी और कुछ मौसम क्षति। इसमें बीमा के विशेष रूप जैसे आग बीमा, बाढ़ बीमा, भूकंप बीमा, गृह बीमा, या बॉयलर बीमा शामिल हैं। Home insurance ( गृह बीमा ) भी एक प्रकार से प्रॉपर्टी इंश्योरेंस (Property Insurance) का ही हिस्सा है।



संपत्ति बीमा। जैसा कि नाम से पता चलता है। प्रॉपर्टी इंश्योरेंस (Property Insurance) संपत्ति के मालिक या किरायेदार को संपत्ति की क्षति और चोरी के खिलाफ कवर प्रदान करता है। इसका उपयोग किसी भवन की संरचना, या भवन के अंदर रखी गई सामग्री के लिए किया जा सकता है। यदि आप किसी के घर में किराए पर रहते हो तोभी यह बीमा ले सकते हैं। यह बीमा किरायेदारों की प्रॉपर्टी कवर करने के लिए किया जाता 
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